Since yore, the data processing was done by humans. Humans also find mechanical equipment and electronic equipment to help people in the calculation and data processing that can get results more quickly. Computers that we met at this time is an evolution length of the invention-the invention of the human sejah old form of mechanical equipment and electronic. Currently, computers and supporting tools have been included in every aspect of life and job. Computers that have the ability now has more than just a calculation ordinary mathematics. Among them is a computer system at the supermarket kassa able to read shopping goods code, telephone exchange that handles millions of calls and communications, network computer and internet mennghubungkan various places in the world. However data from the processing tool since ancient times to the present we can grade to in the big 4 :
1. Equipment manual: data processing equipment that is a very simple, and most important factor in the power tool is to use human
2. Mechanical equipment: equipment that is already shaped that is driven with mechanical of manually
3. Mechanical equipment Electronics: a mechanical Peralatan driven by automatically by electronic motor
4. Electronic equipment: Tools of the electronic full bekerjanya
Calculate TRADITIONAL MECHANICAL
Abacus, which appeared around 5000 years ago in Asia and is still used in some place until this time, can be considered as the beginning of the first computing machine.
This will give you a history on the computer from time to time, especially the tool processing data on the 2, 3, and 4. Classification of computer-based generation will also be discussed extensively in this paper.This tool enables users to perform calculations using the grain sliding sebuh set on a rack. Vendors in that time using the abacus to calculate the trade transactions. Along with the emergence of pencil and paper, especially in Europe, the abacus lost popularity.
After almost 12 centuries, the findings appear in the computing engine. In the year 1642, Blaise Pascal (1623-1662), who at that time aged 18 years, found what he called as a numerical wheel calculator to help his father make tax calculation.
Square brass box is called the Pascaline, using eight toothed wheel play to enumerate the number up to eight digits. This tool is the counter number based on ten. The weakness of this tool is only to make terbataas Answer. Year 1694, a German philosopher and matematikawan, Gottfred Wilhem von Leibniz (1646-1716) Pascaline improve by making machines that can multiply. Similar to the preceding, mechanical equipment is working by using the wheel-wheel serration.
Learn the notes and the images created by Pascal, Leibniz can perfect appliance. Then in the year 1820, popular mechanical calculator. Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar find machines that can perform four basic functions aritmatik. Colmar mechanical calculator, arithometer, present a more practical approach in calculations because the tool can perform Answer, reduction, multiplication, and division. With the ability, arithometer many to be the World War I. Together with Pascal and Leibniz, Colmar help build mechanical computing era.
Start the computer that actually began to be formed by seoarng English mathematics professor, Charles Babbage (1791-1871). Year 1812, Babbage consider the suitability of the machine mathematics and mechanics: mechanical engine is very good in the task the same repeatedly without mistake; require mathematics are simple repetition of a tertenu steps. The problem is to place kemudain developing machine mechanics as a tool to answer the needs of mechanics. Babbage's first effort to said the problem appeared in 1822 when he proposed a machine to perform calculation of differensil. Machine called Machine Differensial. With using steam power, machine can store programs and can perform calculations and print the results automatically. After working with the machine for ten Differensial years, Babbage was suddenly inspired to start making general-purpose computer that The first, called the Analytical Engine. Babbage assistant, Augusta Ada King (1815-1842) have an important role in creating this machine. He helped revise the plan, seek funding from the UK government, and communicate to the specification Anlytical Engine public. In addition, Augusta is good understanding about this machine allow to create instructions to be included dlam engine and also makes it a programmer women first. In 1980, the United States Department of Defense designate a language programming with the ADA as a tribute to him.
Babbage steam engine, although never completed works, looks very primitive when compared with the standards of today. However, the tool shows that elements basis of a modern computer, and also revealed an important concept. Consists of about 50,000 components, the basic design of the Analytical Engine to use the cards perforatio (perforated) which contains the operating instructions for the machine. At 1889, Herman Hollerith (1860-1929) also apply the principles of the card to make a perforation the calculation. First task is to find a faster way to do calculation for the United States Census Bureau. Previous census conducted in 1880 takes seven years to complete the calculation. With the development population, the Bureau estimates that take ten years to complete calculation census.
Perforation using Hollerith cards to enter the census data which is then processed by a mechanical device. A card can store up to 80 variables. With use the tool, the census results can be completed within six weeks. Instead have the advantage of speed, the card serves as storage media data. Level calculation errors are also being loaded drastically. Hollerith later develop tools and menjualny to the public. He founded Tabulating Machine Company in 1896 which later became International Business Machine (1924) after the merger a few times. Other companies such as Remington Rand and Burroghs also produce equipment for perforation pembac card business. Card used by the perforation dn the business of government to permrosesan data until 1960.
During the next several engineers create new p enemuan other. Vannevar Bush (1890-1974) created a calculator to complete the equality differensial in 1931. Machine can be completed differensial complex equation that is considered to be complicated by the academics. Machine is very large and heavy, and because hundreds of serration axis required to perform the calculation. In the year 1903, John V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry tried to create a computer electrically apply Boolean algebra to circuits electrically. This approach is based on the work of George Boole (1815-1864) a binary system algebra, which states that each of mathematics can be stated as true or wrong. By applying the condition is one in a circuit in the form of electricity connected-disconnected, Atanasoff and Berry makes the first electric machine 1940. But the project stopped because they lost their funding sources.
First generation computer
With the occurrence of the Second World War, countries that are involved in the war are trying to develop computer mengeksploit strategic potential of the computer. This increase funding for development and accelerate progress in computer engineering computer. In the year 1941, Konrad Zuse, a German engineer to build a computer, the Z3, to designing aircraft and guided missile
The partners are also making progress in the development of computer power. Year 1943, the UK completed a secret computer code breaker called Colossus to code-breaking secret that Germany used. Impact of not making too Colossus affect the development of the computer industry because of two reasons. First, the colossus is not is a versatile machine (general-purpose computer), it was only designed to solve code secret. Second, the existence of this machine are kept confidential until a decade after the war ended.
Business conducted by the United States at the time the progress of others. Howard H. Aiken (1900-1973), an engineer working with Harvard IBM, successfully producing electronic calculator for U.S. Navy. The calculator is a measurement of the length of half a football field feet and has a range of 500 miles along the cable. The Harvd-IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator, or Mark I, is a electronic relay computer. He uses the signal elektromagnetik to move the mechanical components. Machine with beropreasi slow (it requires 3-5 seconds for each calculation) and is not flexible (order calculations can not be changed). The calculator can do basic calculations and aritmatik a more complex equation.
Development of the computer is now in the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC), produced by the cooperation between the United States and the University of Pennsylvania. Consisting of 18,000 vacuum cleaner tubes, resistor 70000, and 5 million point solder, computer This is a very big machine that consume power of 160kW.
This computer was designed by John Presper Eckert (1919-1995) John W. dn Mauchly (1907-1980), ENIAC is a versatile machine that works 1000 times better faster than Mark I. In mid-1940's, John von Neumann (1903-1957) joined the team of University of Usha Pennsylvania in the concept desin build a computer up to 40 years still used in computer engineering. Von Neumann designing discrete Electronic Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC) in the year 1945 with sebuh memory to accommodate both program or data. This technique allows the computer to stop at a time and and then continue the job again. Key von Neumann architecture is a unit central processing (CPU), which allows all functions of the computer to be coordinated through a single source. Year 1951, UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer I) that created by Remington Rand, became the first commercial computer to use the model von Neumann architecture is.
Both the United States Census and General Electric have UNIVAC. One of the results achieved by imposing a UNIVAC are success in predict victory Dwilight D. Eisenhower in the 1952 presidential election. First generation computer dikarakteristik of the fact that operating instructions are specific to a particular task. Every computer program has a binary-code different called a "language machine" (machine language). This is difficult to cause the computer programmed and the speed limit.
The other computer is using the first generation of vacuum cleaner tube (which makes the computer this period is very large-sized) dn cylinder for magnetic data storage.
Second Generation Computer
In the year 1948, the findings influence the development of the transistor computer. Transistor replace the vacuum cleaner tube in television, radio, and computers. As a result, the size of electrical machinery decreased dramatically.
Transistors used in the start in the computer start in 1956. The findings in the form of development of magnetic-core memory to help the development of second generation computer smaller, faster, more reliable, and more energy efficient than the preceding. The first engine that utilizes this new technology is superkomputer. IBM makes superkomputer named Stretch, and Sprery create computer-Rand called LARC. this computer, which was developed for atomic energy laboratories, could handle a large number of data, a capability that is needed by researchers atom. Machine is very expensive and is likely too complex for the computing needs of business, limiting the kepopulerannya. There are only two LARC has ever installed and used: one at the Lawrence Radiation Labs in Livermore, California, and the other in the U.S. Navy Research and Development Center in Washington D.C. Second-generation computers replaced machine language with the language assembly. Assembly language is a language that uses abbreviations for singakatan - replaces the binary code.
In the early 1960s, computers began to appear a second-generation success in business, in universities, and in government. Computers this is a second generation computer fully use the transistor. They also have components that can be associated with the computer at this time: a printer, storage in floppy disks, memory, system operations, and programs.
One important example of this computer is the IBM 1401 which received wide secaa in industry. In 1965, almost all large businesses use a computer second-generation process for financial information.
Program stored in the computer programming language and is in provide flexibility to the computer. This flexibility to improve the performance of the price appropriate for business use. With this concept, the computer can tmencetak invoice consumer purchase, and then run a product design or calculate payroll. Some programming languages began to appear at that time. Common programming language Business-Oriented Language (Cobol) and Formula Translator (FORTRAN) start public used. Programming language is machine code that replaces the complex with the words, sentences, and math formulas more easily understood by humans. This eases memprogram and someone to manage the computer. Variety of new career appear (programmer, Analyst, and computer systems expert). Software industry also began to appear and developing the second generation of this computer.
Third generation computer
Although the transistor in many cases surpass tube vacuum cleaner, but the transistor a large amount of heat, which can potentially damage the internal parts of the computer. Stone quartz (quartz rock) eliminate this problem. Jack Kilby, an engineer at Texas Instrument, develop integrated circuits (IC: integrated circuit) in the year 1958. IC combine three electronic components in a small Silicon plate made of quartz sand. In the scientists and successfully enter more components into a chip called a single semiconductor. The result, computers become increasingly smaller as the components - components in the chip can dipadatkan. The progress of the computer is the other third generation the use of the operating system (operating system) that allows the engine to run variety of different programs simultaneously with a main program that monitors and coordinate the computer memory.
Fourth generation computer
After IC, the development becomes more clear: decrease the size of circuits and components, electrical components. Large Scale Integration (LSI) could fit hundreds of components in a chip. In the 1980s, Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) to load thousands of components in
a single chip.
Ultra-Large Scale Integration (ULSI) increase the amount to be millions. Ability to install so many components in a chip that berukurang half chip coin encouraging decrease in the price and size of the computer. It also increase the working efficiency and keterandalan computer. Intel 4004 chip that is made on the 1971 brought progress in the IC by placing all the components of a computer (central processing unit, memory, and input / output) in a chip that very small. Previously, the IC is made to do a certain task-specific. Now, a mikroprosesor can be manufactured and then programmed to meet all needs as desired. Not long after that, each household devices such as microwave oven, television, dn cars with electronic fuel injection equipped with mikroprosesor.
Development that allows ordinary people to use computer normal. Computer is no longer dominated large companies or government agencies. In the mid-1970s, computer perakit offer computer products to their the general public. Computers, which is called minikomputer, sold with package tools software that is easy to use by the general public. Software is most popular at the time is a word processing program and spreadsheet. In the early 1980s, video games such as Atari 2600 to attract consumers on the home computer is more powerful and can be programmed.
In the year 1981, IBM introduced the Personal Computer (PC) for use in homes, offices, and schools. Number of PCs in use jumped from 2 million units in 1981 to be 5.5 million units in 1982. Ten years later, 65 million PC use. Computer continue the evolution toward a smaller size, of computers that are on the table (desktop computer) to a computer that can be inserted in the bag (laptop), or even can be a computer (palmtop).
IBM PC to compete with Apple Macintosh computers in memperebutkan market. Apple Macintosh became famous because popularize the computer graphics system, while saingannya still using a text-based computer. Macintosh also popularize tools use the mouse. At thepresent, we know travel with the IBM compatible CPU: IBM PC/486, Pentium, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV (Serial Intel-made CPU's). Also we know AMD K6, Athlon, etc.. This is all entered in the fourth generation of computers. The growth in line with the use of computers in the workplace, new ways to dig potential continues to be developed. Along with the increased strength of a small computer, the computer - computer can be connected together in a network to share memory, software, information, and also to each other can communicate with each another. Computer network allows the computer to form a single joint electronic process to complete a task. By using direct perkabelan (also called local area network, LAN), cable or telephone, this network can be developed into very large.
Fifth Generation Computer
Defining a fifth-generation computer is difficult because this stage is still very young. Imaginative example is the fifth generation computer computer HAL9000 fiction novel from the paper Arthur C. Clarke, entitled 2001: Space Odyssey. HAL displays all the desired functions from a fifth-generation computer. With artificial intelligence (artificial intelligence), HAL nalar can have enough to do with human percapakan, using inputs visual, and learning from the experience itself. Although it may be realized HAL9000 is still far from reality, many functions that it has already materialized. Some computers can receive instructions and able to verbally mimic human nalar. Ability to translate foreign languages are also possible. This facility appears sederhan. However, the facility becomes much more complex than suspected
when programmers realized that human pengertia depends on the context and understanding rather than simply translate words directly.
Much progress in the field of computer design and technology enables the creation semkain fifth generation computers. Two engineering progress, especially the processing is the ability parallel, which will replace the non-Neumann model. Neumann model of non akan replaced with a coordinate system that is capable of much CPU to work at the same time.Progress is superkonduktor technology that allows the flow of electrically without any obstacles, which can accelerate the speed of future information. Japan is a country that is famous in the socialization of jargon and fifth generation computer project. Institutions ICOT (Institute for new Computer Technology) is also formed to merealisasikannya. Many newspapers stating that this project has failed, but some other information that success of the fifth generation computer project will bring the change this new paradigm computerization in the world. Information which we hold a more valid and produce results.
1. Equipment manual: data processing equipment that is a very simple, and most important factor in the power tool is to use human
2. Mechanical equipment: equipment that is already shaped that is driven with mechanical of manually
3. Mechanical equipment Electronics: a mechanical Peralatan driven by automatically by electronic motor
4. Electronic equipment: Tools of the electronic full bekerjanya
Calculate TRADITIONAL MECHANICAL
Abacus, which appeared around 5000 years ago in Asia and is still used in some place until this time, can be considered as the beginning of the first computing machine.
This will give you a history on the computer from time to time, especially the tool processing data on the 2, 3, and 4. Classification of computer-based generation will also be discussed extensively in this paper.This tool enables users to perform calculations using the grain sliding sebuh set on a rack. Vendors in that time using the abacus to calculate the trade transactions. Along with the emergence of pencil and paper, especially in Europe, the abacus lost popularity.
After almost 12 centuries, the findings appear in the computing engine. In the year 1642, Blaise Pascal (1623-1662), who at that time aged 18 years, found what he called as a numerical wheel calculator to help his father make tax calculation.
Square brass box is called the Pascaline, using eight toothed wheel play to enumerate the number up to eight digits. This tool is the counter number based on ten. The weakness of this tool is only to make terbataas Answer. Year 1694, a German philosopher and matematikawan, Gottfred Wilhem von Leibniz (1646-1716) Pascaline improve by making machines that can multiply. Similar to the preceding, mechanical equipment is working by using the wheel-wheel serration.
Learn the notes and the images created by Pascal, Leibniz can perfect appliance. Then in the year 1820, popular mechanical calculator. Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar find machines that can perform four basic functions aritmatik. Colmar mechanical calculator, arithometer, present a more practical approach in calculations because the tool can perform Answer, reduction, multiplication, and division. With the ability, arithometer many to be the World War I. Together with Pascal and Leibniz, Colmar help build mechanical computing era.
Start the computer that actually began to be formed by seoarng English mathematics professor, Charles Babbage (1791-1871). Year 1812, Babbage consider the suitability of the machine mathematics and mechanics: mechanical engine is very good in the task the same repeatedly without mistake; require mathematics are simple repetition of a tertenu steps. The problem is to place kemudain developing machine mechanics as a tool to answer the needs of mechanics. Babbage's first effort to said the problem appeared in 1822 when he proposed a machine to perform calculation of differensil. Machine called Machine Differensial. With using steam power, machine can store programs and can perform calculations and print the results automatically. After working with the machine for ten Differensial years, Babbage was suddenly inspired to start making general-purpose computer that The first, called the Analytical Engine. Babbage assistant, Augusta Ada King (1815-1842) have an important role in creating this machine. He helped revise the plan, seek funding from the UK government, and communicate to the specification Anlytical Engine public. In addition, Augusta is good understanding about this machine allow to create instructions to be included dlam engine and also makes it a programmer women first. In 1980, the United States Department of Defense designate a language programming with the ADA as a tribute to him.
Babbage steam engine, although never completed works, looks very primitive when compared with the standards of today. However, the tool shows that elements basis of a modern computer, and also revealed an important concept. Consists of about 50,000 components, the basic design of the Analytical Engine to use the cards perforatio (perforated) which contains the operating instructions for the machine. At 1889, Herman Hollerith (1860-1929) also apply the principles of the card to make a perforation the calculation. First task is to find a faster way to do calculation for the United States Census Bureau. Previous census conducted in 1880 takes seven years to complete the calculation. With the development population, the Bureau estimates that take ten years to complete calculation census.
Perforation using Hollerith cards to enter the census data which is then processed by a mechanical device. A card can store up to 80 variables. With use the tool, the census results can be completed within six weeks. Instead have the advantage of speed, the card serves as storage media data. Level calculation errors are also being loaded drastically. Hollerith later develop tools and menjualny to the public. He founded Tabulating Machine Company in 1896 which later became International Business Machine (1924) after the merger a few times. Other companies such as Remington Rand and Burroghs also produce equipment for perforation pembac card business. Card used by the perforation dn the business of government to permrosesan data until 1960.
During the next several engineers create new p enemuan other. Vannevar Bush (1890-1974) created a calculator to complete the equality differensial in 1931. Machine can be completed differensial complex equation that is considered to be complicated by the academics. Machine is very large and heavy, and because hundreds of serration axis required to perform the calculation. In the year 1903, John V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry tried to create a computer electrically apply Boolean algebra to circuits electrically. This approach is based on the work of George Boole (1815-1864) a binary system algebra, which states that each of mathematics can be stated as true or wrong. By applying the condition is one in a circuit in the form of electricity connected-disconnected, Atanasoff and Berry makes the first electric machine 1940. But the project stopped because they lost their funding sources.
First generation computer
With the occurrence of the Second World War, countries that are involved in the war are trying to develop computer mengeksploit strategic potential of the computer. This increase funding for development and accelerate progress in computer engineering computer. In the year 1941, Konrad Zuse, a German engineer to build a computer, the Z3, to designing aircraft and guided missile
The partners are also making progress in the development of computer power. Year 1943, the UK completed a secret computer code breaker called Colossus to code-breaking secret that Germany used. Impact of not making too Colossus affect the development of the computer industry because of two reasons. First, the colossus is not is a versatile machine (general-purpose computer), it was only designed to solve code secret. Second, the existence of this machine are kept confidential until a decade after the war ended.
Business conducted by the United States at the time the progress of others. Howard H. Aiken (1900-1973), an engineer working with Harvard IBM, successfully producing electronic calculator for U.S. Navy. The calculator is a measurement of the length of half a football field feet and has a range of 500 miles along the cable. The Harvd-IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator, or Mark I, is a electronic relay computer. He uses the signal elektromagnetik to move the mechanical components. Machine with beropreasi slow (it requires 3-5 seconds for each calculation) and is not flexible (order calculations can not be changed). The calculator can do basic calculations and aritmatik a more complex equation.
Development of the computer is now in the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC), produced by the cooperation between the United States and the University of Pennsylvania. Consisting of 18,000 vacuum cleaner tubes, resistor 70000, and 5 million point solder, computer This is a very big machine that consume power of 160kW.
This computer was designed by John Presper Eckert (1919-1995) John W. dn Mauchly (1907-1980), ENIAC is a versatile machine that works 1000 times better faster than Mark I. In mid-1940's, John von Neumann (1903-1957) joined the team of University of Usha Pennsylvania in the concept desin build a computer up to 40 years still used in computer engineering. Von Neumann designing discrete Electronic Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC) in the year 1945 with sebuh memory to accommodate both program or data. This technique allows the computer to stop at a time and and then continue the job again. Key von Neumann architecture is a unit central processing (CPU), which allows all functions of the computer to be coordinated through a single source. Year 1951, UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer I) that created by Remington Rand, became the first commercial computer to use the model von Neumann architecture is.
Both the United States Census and General Electric have UNIVAC. One of the results achieved by imposing a UNIVAC are success in predict victory Dwilight D. Eisenhower in the 1952 presidential election. First generation computer dikarakteristik of the fact that operating instructions are specific to a particular task. Every computer program has a binary-code different called a "language machine" (machine language). This is difficult to cause the computer programmed and the speed limit.
The other computer is using the first generation of vacuum cleaner tube (which makes the computer this period is very large-sized) dn cylinder for magnetic data storage.
Second Generation Computer
In the year 1948, the findings influence the development of the transistor computer. Transistor replace the vacuum cleaner tube in television, radio, and computers. As a result, the size of electrical machinery decreased dramatically.
Transistors used in the start in the computer start in 1956. The findings in the form of development of magnetic-core memory to help the development of second generation computer smaller, faster, more reliable, and more energy efficient than the preceding. The first engine that utilizes this new technology is superkomputer. IBM makes superkomputer named Stretch, and Sprery create computer-Rand called LARC. this computer, which was developed for atomic energy laboratories, could handle a large number of data, a capability that is needed by researchers atom. Machine is very expensive and is likely too complex for the computing needs of business, limiting the kepopulerannya. There are only two LARC has ever installed and used: one at the Lawrence Radiation Labs in Livermore, California, and the other in the U.S. Navy Research and Development Center in Washington D.C. Second-generation computers replaced machine language with the language assembly. Assembly language is a language that uses abbreviations for singakatan - replaces the binary code.
In the early 1960s, computers began to appear a second-generation success in business, in universities, and in government. Computers this is a second generation computer fully use the transistor. They also have components that can be associated with the computer at this time: a printer, storage in floppy disks, memory, system operations, and programs.
One important example of this computer is the IBM 1401 which received wide secaa in industry. In 1965, almost all large businesses use a computer second-generation process for financial information.
Program stored in the computer programming language and is in provide flexibility to the computer. This flexibility to improve the performance of the price appropriate for business use. With this concept, the computer can tmencetak invoice consumer purchase, and then run a product design or calculate payroll. Some programming languages began to appear at that time. Common programming language Business-Oriented Language (Cobol) and Formula Translator (FORTRAN) start public used. Programming language is machine code that replaces the complex with the words, sentences, and math formulas more easily understood by humans. This eases memprogram and someone to manage the computer. Variety of new career appear (programmer, Analyst, and computer systems expert). Software industry also began to appear and developing the second generation of this computer.
Third generation computer
Although the transistor in many cases surpass tube vacuum cleaner, but the transistor a large amount of heat, which can potentially damage the internal parts of the computer. Stone quartz (quartz rock) eliminate this problem. Jack Kilby, an engineer at Texas Instrument, develop integrated circuits (IC: integrated circuit) in the year 1958. IC combine three electronic components in a small Silicon plate made of quartz sand. In the scientists and successfully enter more components into a chip called a single semiconductor. The result, computers become increasingly smaller as the components - components in the chip can dipadatkan. The progress of the computer is the other third generation the use of the operating system (operating system) that allows the engine to run variety of different programs simultaneously with a main program that monitors and coordinate the computer memory.
Fourth generation computer
After IC, the development becomes more clear: decrease the size of circuits and components, electrical components. Large Scale Integration (LSI) could fit hundreds of components in a chip. In the 1980s, Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) to load thousands of components in
a single chip.
Ultra-Large Scale Integration (ULSI) increase the amount to be millions. Ability to install so many components in a chip that berukurang half chip coin encouraging decrease in the price and size of the computer. It also increase the working efficiency and keterandalan computer. Intel 4004 chip that is made on the 1971 brought progress in the IC by placing all the components of a computer (central processing unit, memory, and input / output) in a chip that very small. Previously, the IC is made to do a certain task-specific. Now, a mikroprosesor can be manufactured and then programmed to meet all needs as desired. Not long after that, each household devices such as microwave oven, television, dn cars with electronic fuel injection equipped with mikroprosesor.
Development that allows ordinary people to use computer normal. Computer is no longer dominated large companies or government agencies. In the mid-1970s, computer perakit offer computer products to their the general public. Computers, which is called minikomputer, sold with package tools software that is easy to use by the general public. Software is most popular at the time is a word processing program and spreadsheet. In the early 1980s, video games such as Atari 2600 to attract consumers on the home computer is more powerful and can be programmed.
In the year 1981, IBM introduced the Personal Computer (PC) for use in homes, offices, and schools. Number of PCs in use jumped from 2 million units in 1981 to be 5.5 million units in 1982. Ten years later, 65 million PC use. Computer continue the evolution toward a smaller size, of computers that are on the table (desktop computer) to a computer that can be inserted in the bag (laptop), or even can be a computer (palmtop).
IBM PC to compete with Apple Macintosh computers in memperebutkan market. Apple Macintosh became famous because popularize the computer graphics system, while saingannya still using a text-based computer. Macintosh also popularize tools use the mouse. At thepresent, we know travel with the IBM compatible CPU: IBM PC/486, Pentium, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV (Serial Intel-made CPU's). Also we know AMD K6, Athlon, etc.. This is all entered in the fourth generation of computers. The growth in line with the use of computers in the workplace, new ways to dig potential continues to be developed. Along with the increased strength of a small computer, the computer - computer can be connected together in a network to share memory, software, information, and also to each other can communicate with each another. Computer network allows the computer to form a single joint electronic process to complete a task. By using direct perkabelan (also called local area network, LAN), cable or telephone, this network can be developed into very large.
Fifth Generation Computer
Defining a fifth-generation computer is difficult because this stage is still very young. Imaginative example is the fifth generation computer computer HAL9000 fiction novel from the paper Arthur C. Clarke, entitled 2001: Space Odyssey. HAL displays all the desired functions from a fifth-generation computer. With artificial intelligence (artificial intelligence), HAL nalar can have enough to do with human percapakan, using inputs visual, and learning from the experience itself. Although it may be realized HAL9000 is still far from reality, many functions that it has already materialized. Some computers can receive instructions and able to verbally mimic human nalar. Ability to translate foreign languages are also possible. This facility appears sederhan. However, the facility becomes much more complex than suspected
when programmers realized that human pengertia depends on the context and understanding rather than simply translate words directly.
Much progress in the field of computer design and technology enables the creation semkain fifth generation computers. Two engineering progress, especially the processing is the ability parallel, which will replace the non-Neumann model. Neumann model of non akan replaced with a coordinate system that is capable of much CPU to work at the same time.Progress is superkonduktor technology that allows the flow of electrically without any obstacles, which can accelerate the speed of future information. Japan is a country that is famous in the socialization of jargon and fifth generation computer project. Institutions ICOT (Institute for new Computer Technology) is also formed to merealisasikannya. Many newspapers stating that this project has failed, but some other information that success of the fifth generation computer project will bring the change this new paradigm computerization in the world. Information which we hold a more valid and produce results.
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